Interesting animal study found that diabetic animals associated with increased aromatase expression in adrenal cortex, kidneys, and other tissue, androgen receptors were decreased in adrenal glands, and ER-alpha expression in the kidneys was increased by 159%.
Study finds that Err 731, extract of Siberian Rhubarb, strong affinity for ER-beta and weak activity for ER-alpha in bone, though none found present in endometrial cells. This is the second study to provide evidence of molecular mechanism of action through ER-beta receptors.
Study shows that estradiol decreases ER beta in the prostate. ER beta is anti-inflammatory, inhibits growth, and promotes cell death: all of which would decrease risk of prostate growth and/or cancer.
We know that men increase estrogen production through increased aromatase activity, which according to this study, will decrease ER beta and the prostate associated benefits.
Study finds that aromatase activity is present in the prostate. Additionally, the balance of estrogen receptors plays a role in the interpretation of the increased estrogen production in the prostate.
Estrogen plays a critical role in the initiation of carcinogenesis of prostate cancer through the ER alpha/beta expression. As the authors state in their conclusion, "...ER alpha signaling potentiates the carcinogenic effects of androgens on the prostatic epithelium."
ER alpha and ER beta expressed on fetal fat cells. The authors of this article propose that ER alpha plays the dominant in fetal adipocyte differentiation.
This is an important study. Study found that Estradiol increased the transcription of pyruvate kinase M (PKM2)production in endometrial stromal cells. This increase in PKM2 shifted metabolism to a aerobic glycolysis pattern similar to the Warburg effect described in cancer. Additionally, increased PKM2 via Estradiol increased ER alpha transcription and functioned as a ER alpha coactivator.
Bisphenol A downgregulates ER-beta in male prostate. This would increase pro-inlfmmatory/growth through ER-alpha theoretically and has implications in prostate health.
Resveratrol inhibits ER-alpha in human breast cancer cells providing potential mechanism to inhibit pro growth/pro inflammatory signaling favoring breast cancer. So maybe, a glass of red wine keeps the breast cancer doctor away??
Estradiol stimulates hypothalamic progesterone synthesis in astrocytes in rat model. This occurs through activation of calcium channels and influx of calcium. ER alpha appears to be the prominent ER involved.
Estradiol increased thyroid papillary and follicular cancer cells via both ER alpha and ER beta in this study. What is also interesting is that estradiol did not increase PR expression.
ER beta agonists shown to be anti-proliferative in the prostate and "ablated preexisting prostatic epithelial hyperplasia". This has important implications: low T conditions increase ER alpha expression, which increases ER alpha production. Low T is a pro inflammatory state in men, which increases aromatase activity. Thus increase conversion of T to E2 in the stroma of the prostate results in growth. ER beta is not activated.
Another abstract only, but this abstract points out that ER signaling is altered in those with SLE. No discussion as to whether this was ER alpha or beta or both.
5alpha pregnanes and 4 pregnanes stimulate ER and PR negative breast cancer cells. Progesterone metabolites stimulate or inhibit cancer potential independent of receptor status. Though we know that progesterone metabolite balance can increase receptor binding.
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